Category Archives: climate change

Thriving Communities and Housing from the Peruvian Andes to Vermont’s Green Mountains

Hi! I’m Beth, and I’ve been volunteering with the Fair Housing Project over the summer, working mainly on social media with Corrine and Jess. As a brief introduction, I’m currently finishing up my PhD in Anthropology at Brown University. I’m originally from the UK, but my partner grew up in Shelburne, and we moved back to Vermont in 2021. 

Hiking in the Green Mountains after moving back to Vermont

PhD research

At first glance, it doesn’t seem like my PhD research has much to do with fair housing or thriving communities. I study herding communities and environments in the Peruvian Andes (think llamas, alpacas, and mountains) and how they responded to Spanish colonialism in the 16th century. More broadly, I’m interested in how rural communities renegotiate their lifeways in response to external changes. In the communities I study, responses often involve shifts in how people manage and use the environment. Today, for example, Andean herding communities have had to intensify wool production to meet increased global demand for wool, which is prized for its fineness and warmth. To do this, they’ve expanded wetland pasture so it can host more animals. I think similar shifts happened in response to Spanish colonialism: Spanish-operated mines relied on caravans of llamas to move goods between the highland mines and coastal ports. To meet increased transport demand, herders would have had to construct new infrastructure, such as corrals, along the route. Spanish colonialism was undoubtedly a violent period that led to the death of millions and the destruction of many Andean community practices. But because of a focus on this, and on the colonists themselves, less attention has been paid to understanding the diverse ways in which rural communities, in particular, responded to colonial policies.

The high-elevation (about 14,500 ft) herding landscape my PhD research is based in, in the Peruvian Andes

Housing

I’ve always been interested in housing, especially in rural areas. I grew up in a small coastal town in the UK and I see a lot of parallels between my hometown and where I live now, in Vermont, in terms of housing issues. In both places, housing inequities – in particular, rising housing costs and housing shortages caused in part by increased migration, second-home ownership, and short-term Airbnb-type rentals – have begun to hollow out our communities.

Short-term lets are increasingly impacting housing availability and community cohesion in rural areas

While we often, perhaps rightly, see these as threats to our homes, I think what’s more important is how we, as a community, respond to these changes. Like with Spanish colonialism and Andean herding communities, it is important to recognize both the major large-scale changes and the small-scale, local ways in which communities respond to these.

Manufactured (mobile) home communities are increasingly important within the Vermont housing ecosystem, because they provide affordable housing in a tight market. Recent news articles (part of the Seven Days “Locked Out” series have highlighted both the challenges manufactured home parks face and the ways in which they provide community for their residents.

Over the summer, I’ve used the Fair Housing Project’s Thriving Communities social media pages to highlight how people in Vermont and beyond are responding to housing challenges, whatever form these take. A lot of the news about housing in Vermont is bad – we all know the state is facing down a major housing crisis – but there has also been a lot of good stories and positive news!

A mural in Burlington, VT, that promotes fair housing and our right to housing free of discrimination. The mural was commissioned by Vermont’s Human Rights Commission and painted by Juniper Creative Arts.

I’ve learnt so much about the housing landscape in Vermont and the different agencies and organizations working to reduce housing inequities and discrimination across the state and it’s been great working with Jess, Corrine, and the others at the Fair Housing Project. Thank you!

Fair housing and climate: Are affordable housing developments more likely to be located in risky areas?

The development of affordable housing is a key response to the housing crisis – but where are these homes located? “Smart growth” – the idea that we should encourage dense, mixed-use developments with access to services including public transport and green space – is increasingly a buzzword in housing. But recent research suggests that affordable housing is increasingly being built in environmentally risky areas, including those prone to flooding or wildfires and historically polluted areas.

A damaged mobile home in Berlin, VT, following Tropical Storm Irene (image: VTDigger)

One Shelterforce article, written by Collen O’Connor-Grant, discusses how 300 low-income housing units, due to be built in Holmdel Township, NJ (a wealth NYC suburb), were relocated from the main redevelopment area to a recently rezoned wetland. The new lot was a known flooding hotspot and, given the devastation caused by recent storms like Sandy and Ida, authorities were undoubtedly area of the risks of the new location. Other concerns were also raised, including the potential for soil and water contamination from nearby businesses – but no plans to conduct testing to check this were ever announced.

The proposed plan for the affordable housing development in Holmdel, located on a flood-prone lot (image: Shelterforce)

The Holmdel case is a classic example of “climate gentrification”, where certain properties or areas are valued over others because of their perceived ability to withstand the effects of climate change. Climate gentrification is also a problem in Vermont, as recent articles discussing “climate refugees” have shown. While everyone deserves a safe place to live, some are concerned that the influx of often-wealthy folks from out of state looking for “climate havens” will further displace long-term Vermont residents struggling with the state’s housing crunch.

Locating affordable homes in more environmentally risky areas is also a problem in Vermont. A 2013 study by UVM and the Department of Housing and Community Development found that mobile homes are disproportionately located in flood zones: nearly 12% of mobile homes in parks are located in flood hazard areas, compared to 6% of mobile homes on private land and just 4% of single-family homes.

The St George Community Cooperative mobile home park; mobile home parks in Vermont are more likely to be located in flood-prone areas (image: VTDigger)

An article published last year in the Valley News highlights how susceptible mobile home parks are to flooding events. The Riverside Mobile Home Park in Woodstock suffered major flooding and associated damage, including problems with mold, in Tropical Storm Irene. Equity issues became increasingly apparent during clean-up: many residents lacked proper flood insurance coverage, FEMA assistance was insufficient or entirely absent, and residents struggled to find the funds to repair their homes. Similar scenarios are playing out across the country, as natural disasters often further exacerbate high costs of building materials, leaving people unable to afford the costs of rebuilding.

Senator Kesha Rams Hinsdale (D-Chittenden) introduced the recently signed Environmental Justice bill

Given that the effects of climate change are only predicted to increase, we need to think about how to approach the intersecting affordable housing and climate crises. Unfortunately, no ready solutions are forthcoming. While some advocate for increased regulation by local governments (e.g., through changing zoning codes), others contend that it is local authorities that are the problem, and states should pass legislation enabling them to override “bad” local planning decisions. Vermont recently passed a new environmental justice bill (S.148) that aims to reduce the burden on communities that experience disproportionate impacts from environmental stress, including flooding and pollution by requiring the state to incorporate environmental justice into their work and establishing two new state-wide advisory groups, the Environmental Justice Advisory Council and the Interagency Environmental Justice Committee. Criticism of the bill centers on its implementation, with concerns that the bill does not allocate enough funding to ensure its long-term viability or to allow for meaningful community engagement. Nonetheless, passing the bill is still a big step forward for environmental justice in our state.  

What do you think? Leave a comment below or visit our Facebook page to join in the conversation!